performed IHC staining of spleen and lymph node tissue and found that Fas expression was significantly upregulated in infected patients but absent in parts from normal healthy regulates.97 The experts theorized that SARS-CoV-2-induced constitutional lymphocyte activation might trigger activation-induced cell death through Fas/FasL signaling via macrophagic IL-6 secretion. the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cellular receptor. Overall, great progress has been made in COVID-19 study in a short period. Extensive, global collation of our current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 will provide insights into novel treatment modalities, such as monoclonal antibodies, and support the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Keywords: COVID-19, immunology, pathology, diagnostics, specific T cells Intro In December 2019, a novel respiratory disease named coronavirus SPRY4 disease 2019 (COVID-19) Deflazacort was recognized by physicians in Wuhan, China. The disease was found to be caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)CCoV-2 RNA computer virus.1 , 2 Deflazacort Within a matter of weeks, COVID-19 had spread rapidly and escalated to a global pandemic. Deflazacort At the time of writing (June 2020), >10 million instances had been reported and >500,000 individuals experienced succumbed to the disease worldwide.3 Indeed, individuals with COVID-19 are at high risk of developing a severe and critical disease.4 Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnostic checks are urgently needed to effectively isolate, identify, and treat infected individuals and to contain the spread of the computer virus. Failure to do so will inevitably lead to spikes in instances and the resultant overcrowding and collapse of healthcare solutions.5 Moreover, research into this novel virus is also critical to understand its pathogenesis and its interaction with the human immune system. Insights from such study will guideline the design of general public health guidelines and protocols to identify vulnerable individuals, and diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment methods for individuals. Current diagnostic methods mainly involve founded virological methods, such as nucleic acid hybridization techniques (reverse-transcriptase PCR [RT-PCR]) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), as well as immunologic methods like antibody assays. Each approach offers unique advantages and weaknesses. For instance, while RT-PCR demonstrates high level of sensitivity and specificity, its capabilities have been seriously limited for practical reasons during this current pandemic due to global shortages of experienced personnel, reagents and equipment, and a control time of up to 4 days. By contrast, immunologic tests, such as antibody assays, are quick and require minimal products, but they have limited power in the context of acute analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This is because it can take several days to weeks following symptom onset for a patient to mount a detectable antibody response.6 Immunological Deflazacort tools in research include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), flow cytometry, and mass cytometry (CyTOF). Imaging techniques for pathological analyses include conventional methods, such as hematoxylinCeosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, or transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and RNAscope. Each of these methods is used to examine the pathophysiology underlying COVID-19 from a different perspective, each with their personal advantages and disadvantages. For example, it has been established the access of SARS-CoV-2 intro cells depends on the binding of viral proteins with the human being receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors.7 Additionally, evidence demonstrates the type II transmembrane protease (TMPRSS2) is also essential for viral access, by priming the viral spike protein for binding to ACE2.8 Therefore, considerable research attempts employing different techniques have been directed at mapping the distribution of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in cells and their relationship to the observed manifestations of disease. Collectively, the combination of these methods offers advanced our understanding of COVID-19. With this review, we discuss the current methods in COVID-19 analysis and study having a focus on findings from virological and pathological imaging methods. We also discuss immunological methods, which are progressively recognized as an integral component of the disease process. Diagnostics The most common symptoms of COVID-19 at initial demonstration are nonspecific and include a high fever, a new and persistent cough, and fatigue.9 , 10 Due to similarities between the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and many other respiratory illnesses, the accurate and early detection of illness is pivotal for outbreak control. Any delays in analysis are progressively measured in lives lost. According to the World Health Business (WHO), the immediate goal for study into COVID-19 diagnostics is the development of RNA assays, antibody and antigen assays, and point-of-care detection.11 The intermediate-term priority would be their integration into multiplex diagnostic platforms, while the long-term goal would be the investigation of prognostic markers. With this section, we summarize the current and growing diagnostic tools for SARS-CoV-2 through the lens of immunology..